Acerola’s health benefits are mostly due to its richness in vitamin C. The more the fruit ripens, the more vitamin C is lost — and acerola ripens very quickly.

Nicotinamide mononucleotide ("NMN","NAMN" and "β-NMN") is a nucleotide derived from ribose and nicotinamide.

Ca-AKG can help promote cellular energy to maintain vitality and DNA structure.

Levomefolic acid (INN) (also known as L-5-MTHF, L-methylfolate and L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate and (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and (6S)-5-MTHF) is the primary biologically active form of folate used at the cellular level for DNA reproduction

Choline is a nutrient similar to B vitamins. It can be made in the liver. It is also found in foods such as meats, fish, nuts, beans, vegetables, and eggs.

Vitex agnus-castus tree is a shrub that is native to the Mediterranean and Central Asia. The fruit and seed are used to make medicine. Vitex agnus-castus is used for conditions related to the menstrual cycle such as breast pain (mastalgia), premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and more severe PMS symptoms (premenstrual dysphoric disorder or PMDD). It is also used for many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these uses.

Cissus quadrangularis is a vine that grows in Africa and parts of Asia. It is one of the most commonly used medicinal plants in Thailand, and is also used in traditional African and Ayurvedic medicine. All parts of the plant are used for medicine.

Curcumin is the main active ingredient in turmeric. Turmeric is native to Southeast Asia, but is popular all over the world. It is perhaps most popular in India, where it is one of the main spices in curry powders. Its flavor is warm and bitter, and it has a striking yellow color. Turmeric has been reported to have many health benefits. Its use as a medicine dates back nearly 4000 years. Over the past few decades, modern medicine has increased research into turmeric’s reputation for healing. Curcumin is at the heart of the research, as it’s the source of many of turmeric’s healthful properties. Curcumin is a discreet bioactive compound and is what gives turmeric its bright color. It was first isolated by scientists around the turn of the 20th century, and its antibacterial properties were first demonstrated in 1949. Subsequent research showed it to have anti-inflammatory properties, anti-oxidant properties, and several other marked benefits.

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) is an herb native to Europe. The leaf, flower, and root have been used for various infections, but with little evidence. Dandelion is found throughout mild climates of the northern hemisphere. It contains chemicals that might decrease swelling, increase urine production, and prevent crystals from forming in the urine that could lead to infections in the kidneys and urinary tract. People use dandelion for conditions such as swollen tonsils, kidney infections, UTIs, and many others, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) is the dark purple berry from the European elder tree. It has a long history of use for cold and flu. Elderberry is a popular ingredient in supplements. It might affect the immune system, and also seems to have activity against viruses, including the flu. Elderberry is commonly used for the common cold, flu, high cholesterol, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these uses. There is also no good evidence to support using elderberry for COVID-19. Don't confuse elderberry with American Elder, Elderflower, or Dwarf Elder. These aren't the same and have different effects.

Garcinia (Garcinia gummi-gutta) is a tree that grows in India and Southeast Asia. The fruit rind contains a chemical called hydroxycitric acid (HCA). HCA used in dietary supplements usually comes from garcinia. It might prevent fat storage, control appetite, and increase exercise endurance. But it's unclear if these effects occur in humans. People commonly use garcinia for obesity, athletic performance, joint pain, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses. Don't confuse garcinia with gamboge, Malabar nut, mangosteen, or tamarind. These are not the same.

Garlic (Allium sativum) is a member of amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae) which also include, leeks, onions and shallots. Garlic oil is an extract of Allium sativum, a small perennial plant mostly produced in tropical countries with an annual crop around April-May.

Resveratrol is a stilbenoid, a type of natural phenol, and a phytoalexin produced by several plants in response to injury or when the plant is under attack by pathogens, such as bacteria or fungi. Sources of resveratrol in food include the skin of grapes, blueberries, raspberries, mulberries, and peanuts.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a plant native to Asia. The ginger spice comes from the roots of the plant. It's used as a food flavoring and medicine. Ginger contains chemicals that might reduce nausea and swelling. These chemicals seem to work in the stomach and intestines, but they might also help the brain and nervous system to control nausea. People commonly use ginger for many types of nausea and vomiting. It's also used for menstrual cramps, osteoarthritis, diabetes, migraine headaches, and other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support many of these uses. There is also no good evidence to support using ginger for COVID-19.

Green coffee beans, or raw coffee beans, are coffee beans that are not roasted. Green coffee bean extract is a popular weight loss supplement.

Green tea extract is a great source of antioxidants. These have been credited with a range of health benefits, from promoting heart, liver and brain health to improving your skin and even reducing the risk of cancer.

Hops are the dried, flowering parts of the hop plant (Humulus lupulus), commonly used in brewing beer. They have limited evidence of health benefits. The term "hops" comes from the Anglo-Saxon term "hoppan", which means "to climb." Hops contain many chemicals, including bitter acids, which contribute to its bitter flavor. Some chemicals in hops seem to act similarly to the hormone estrogen and some seem to cause sleepiness. People commonly use hops for anxiety, sleep disorders, restlessness, symptoms of menopause, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.

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Choline is similar to the B vitamins. It can be made in the liver. It is also found in foods such as liver, muscle meats, fish, nuts, beans, peas, spinach, wheat germ, and eggs.

Magnesium glycinate is a supplement that boosts magnesium levels in people with a deficiency of the mineral.

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), also called methoxatin, is a redox cofactor. It is found in soil and foods such as kiwifruit, as well as human breast milk.Enzymes containing PQQ are called quinoproteins. Glucose dehydrogenase, one of the quinoproteins, is used as a glucose sensor. PQQ stimulates growth in bacteria.

Phosphatidylserine is a chemical that is important for many functions in the human body, especially in the brain. Small amounts are found in most foods. Phosphatidylserine is part of the cell structure in the body. The body can make phosphatidylserine, but most of what it needs comes from foods. It can also be taken as a supplement. These supplements were once made from cow brain. Now they are commonly made from cabbage or soy. Phosphatidylserine is used for Alzheimer disease and normal age-related decline in memory and thinking skills. It is also used for athletic performance, ADHD, and many other purposes, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these uses.

Quercetin is a plant pigment (flavonoid). It's found in many plants and foods, such as red wine, onions, green tea, apples, and berries. Quercetin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that might help reduce swelling, kill cancer cells, control blood sugar, and help prevent heart disease. Quercetin is most commonly used for conditions of the heart and blood vessels and to prevent cancer. It is also used for arthritis, bladder infections, and diabetes, but there is no strong scientific evidence to support most of these uses. There is also no good evidence to support using quercetin for COVID-19.

Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) is a bitter-tasting fungus with no proven health benefits. It is thought to have some effects on the immune system. Reishi mushroom is used for Alzheimer disease, cancer, diabetes, cold sores, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.

Resveratrol is a chemical mostly found in red grapes and products made from these grapes (wine, juice). It may be helpful for hay fever and weight loss. Resveratrol might have many effects in the body, including expanding blood vessels and reducing blood clotting. It may also decrease pain and swelling, reduce levels of sugar in the blood, and help the body fight against disease. Resveratrol is most commonly used for high cholesterol, cancer, heart disease, and many other conditions. But there is no strong evidence to support resveratrol for any use.

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Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is an herb native to Europe and parts of Asia. Valerian root has a long history of use as a sedative. Valerian can grow to be just over 6 feet tall and has a strong odor. It seems to act like a sedative in the brain and nervous system. Valerian has been used as a traditional medicine dating back to ancient Greek and Roman times. People commonly use valerian for sleep disorders, especially insomnia. Valerian is also used for anxiety, stress, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these uses.

Vitamin A is not a single compound, but a derivative of retinoids including retinol, retinene, retinoic acid, retinyl acetate, retinyl palmitate. The specifications commonly used in food and nutrients are retinyl acetate,and retinyl palmitate, because both specifications of vitamin A are the most stable.

Dibencozide is a form of vitamin B12. People use it as medicine. When taken by mouth or placed under the tongue, dibencozide is used to help the body process protein; increase muscle mass and strength; improve mental concentration; and to treat depression, anxiety, and panic attacks.

Cyanocobalamin is a manufactured form of vitamin B12 used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency.The deficiency may occur in pernicious anemia, following surgical removal of the stomach, with fish tapeworm, or due to bowel cancer.It is less preferred than hydroxocobalamin for treating vitamin B12 deficiency.It is used by mouth, by injection into a muscle, or as a nasal spray. Cyanocobalamin is generally well tolerated. Minor side effects may include diarrhea and itchiness.Serious side effects may include anaphylaxis, low blood potassium, and heart failure.Use is not recommended in those who are allergic to cobalt or have Leber's disease.Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient meaning that it cannot be made by the body but is required for life. Cyanocobalamin was first manufactured in the 1940s.It is available as a generic medication and over the counter. In 2019, it was the 155th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4 million prescriptions.

Cholecalciferol, also known as vitamin D3 and colecalciferol, is a type of vitamin D which is made by the skin when exposed to sunlight; it is also found in some foods and can be taken as a dietary supplement. Cholecalciferol is made in the skin following UVB light exposure. It is converted in the liver to calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D) which is then converted in the kidney to calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D). One of its actions is to increase the uptake of calcium by the intestines. It is found in food such as some fish, beef liver, eggs, and cheese.Certain foods such as milk, fruit juice, yogurt, and margarine also may have cholecalciferol added to them in some countries including the United States. Cholecalciferol can be taken as an oral dietary supplement to prevent vitamin D deficiency or as a medication to treat associated diseases, including rickets.It is also used for familial hypophosphatemia, hypoparathyroidism that is causing low blood calcium, and Fanconi syndrome.Vitamin-D supplements may not be effective in people with severe kidney disease.Excessive doses in humans can result in vomiting, constipation, weakness, and confusion.Other risks include kidney stones.Doses greater than 40,000 IU (1,000μg) per day are generally required before high blood calcium occurs.Normal doses, 800–2000 IU per day, are safe in pregnancy. Cholecalciferol was first described in 1936.It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.In 2019, it was the 84th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 9 million prescriptions.Cholecalciferol is available as a generic medication and over the counter.Cholecalciferol is also used at much higher doses to kill rodents.

Cholecalciferol, also known as vitamin D3 and colecalciferol, is a type of vitamin D which is made by the skin when exposed to sunlight; it is also found in some foods and can be taken as a dietary supplement. Cholecalciferol is made in the skin following UVB light exposure. It is converted in the liver to calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D) which is then converted in the kidney to calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D). One of its actions is to increase the uptake of calcium by the intestines. It is found in food such as some fish, beef liver, eggs, and cheese.Certain foods such as milk, fruit juice, yogurt, and margarine also may have cholecalciferol added to them in some countries including the United States. Cholecalciferol can be taken as an oral dietary supplement to prevent vitamin D deficiency or as a medication to treat associated diseases, including rickets.It is also used for familial hypophosphatemia, hypoparathyroidism that is causing low blood calcium, and Fanconi syndrome.Vitamin-D supplements may not be effective in people with severe kidney disease.Excessive doses in humans can result in vomiting, constipation, weakness, and confusion.Other risks include kidney stones.Doses greater than 40,000 IU (1,000μg) per day are generally required before high blood calcium occurs.Normal doses, 800–2000 IU per day, are safe in pregnancy. Cholecalciferol was first described in 1936.It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.In 2019, it was the 84th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 9 million prescriptions.Cholecalciferol is available as a generic medication and over the counter.Cholecalciferol is also used at much higher doses to kill rodents.

Biotin is a vitamin. Foods such as eggs, milk, or bananas contain small amounts of biotin.

Vitamin K1, also called phylloquinone, is mostly found in plant foods like leafy green vegetables. It makes up about 75–90% of all vitamin K consumed by humans.

Vitamin K2 is the only bioactive form of vitamin K, which is mostly used to accelerate coagulation, maintain coagulation time, and treat effluent disease caused by vitamin K deficiency. There have also been reported for other health pathways.

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